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用例图
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Use Case Diagram
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Let's have a few examples:
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用例
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Usecases
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用例用圆括号括起来（两个圆括号看起来就像椭圆）。
也可以用关键字 usecase来定义用例。
还可以用关键字 as定义一个别名，这个别名可以在以后定义关系的时候使用。
@startuml
(First usecase)
(Another usecase) as (UC2)
usecase UC3
usecase (Last\nusecase) as UC4
@enduml
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Use cases are enclosed using between parentheses (because two
parentheses looks like an oval).
You can also use the usecase keyword to define a
usecase.
And you can define an alias, using the as keyword.
This alias will be used later, when defining relations.
@startuml
(First usecase)
(Another usecase) as (UC2)
usecase UC3
usecase (Last\nusecase) as UC4
@enduml
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角色
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Actors
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角色用两个冒号包裹起来。
也可以用 actor关键字来定义角色。
还可以用关键字 as来定义一个别名，这个别名可以在以后定义关系的时候使用。
在后面的例子中，我们会看到角色的定义是可选的。
@startuml
:First Actor:
:Another\nactor: as Man2
actor Woman3
actor :Last actor: as Person1
@enduml
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The name defining an actor is enclosed between colons.
You can also use the actor keyword to define an actor.
An alias can be assigned using the as keyword and can be used later instead of the actor's name, e. g. when defining relations.
You can see from the following examples, that the actor definitions are optional.
@startuml
:First Actor:
:Another\nactor: as Man2
actor Woman3
actor :Last actor: as Person1
@enduml
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改变角色的样式
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Change Actor style
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可以将角色的样式从默认的火柴人改成：
- 用户头像样式：
skinparam actorStyle awesome
- 透明人样式：
skinparam actorStyle hollow
火柴人 默认
@startuml
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
用户头像
@startuml
skinparam actorStyle awesome
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
[参见 QA-10493]
透明人
@startuml
skinparam actorStyle Hollow
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
[参见 PR#396]
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You can change the actor style from stick man (by default) to:
- an awesome man with the
skinparam actorStyle awesome command;
- a hollow man with the
skinparam actorStyle hollow command.
Stick man (by default)
@startuml
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
Awesome man
@startuml
skinparam actorStyle awesome
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
[Ref. QA-10493]
Hollow man
@startuml
skinparam actorStyle Hollow
:User: --> (Use)
"Main Admin" as Admin
"Use the application" as (Use)
Admin --> (Admin the application)
@enduml
[Ref. PR#396]
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用例描述
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Usecases description
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如果想定义跨越多行的用例描述，可以用双引号将其裹起来。
还可以使用这些分隔符：
--（横线）..（虚线）==（双横线）__（下划线）
并且还可以在分隔符中间放置标题。
@startuml
usecase UC1 as "You can use
several lines to define your usecase.
You can also use separators.
--
Several separators are possible.
==
And you can add titles:
..Conclusion..
This allows large description."
@enduml
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If you want to have a description spanning several lines, you can use quotes.
You can also use the following separators:
-- (dashes).. (periods)== (equals)__ (underscores)
By using them pairwise and enclosing text between them, you can created separators with titles.
@startuml
usecase UC1 as "You can use
several lines to define your usecase.
You can also use separators.
--
Several separators are possible.
==
And you can add titles:
..Conclusion..
This allows large description."
@enduml
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使用包
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Use package
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您可以一使用包来对角色或用例进行分组。
@startuml
left to right direction
actor Guest as g
package Professional {
actor Chef as c
actor "Food Critic" as fc
}
package Restaurant {
usecase "Eat Food" as UC1
usecase "Pay for Food" as UC2
usecase "Drink" as UC3
usecase "Review" as UC4
}
fc --> UC4
g --> UC1
g --> UC2
g --> UC3
@enduml
您可以使用 rectangle来改变包的外观。
@startuml
left to right direction
actor "Food Critic" as fc
rectangle Restaurant {
usecase "Eat Food" as UC1
usecase "Pay for Food" as UC2
usecase "Drink" as UC3
}
fc --> UC1
fc --> UC2
fc --> UC3
@enduml
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You can use packages to group actors or use cases.
@startuml
left to right direction
actor Guest as g
package Professional {
actor Chef as c
actor "Food Critic" as fc
}
package Restaurant {
usecase "Eat Food" as UC1
usecase "Pay for Food" as UC2
usecase "Drink" as UC3
usecase "Review" as UC4
}
fc --> UC4
g --> UC1
g --> UC2
g --> UC3
@enduml
You can use rectangle to change the display of the package.
@startuml
left to right direction
actor "Food Critic" as fc
rectangle Restaurant {
usecase "Eat Food" as UC1
usecase "Pay for Food" as UC2
usecase "Drink" as UC3
}
fc --> UC1
fc --> UC2
fc --> UC3
@enduml
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基础示例
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Basic example
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用箭头 -->连接角色和用例。
横杠 -越多，箭头越长。
通过在箭头定义的后面加一个冒号及文字的方式来添加标签。
在这个例子中， User并没有定义，而是直接拿来当做一个角色使用。
@startuml
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use the application) : A small label
:Main Admin: ---> (Use the application) : This is\nyet another\nlabel
@enduml
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To link actors and use cases, the arrow --> is
used.
The more dashes - in the arrow, the longer the
arrow.
You can add a label on the arrow, by adding a :
character in the arrow definition.
In this example, you see that User has not been defined
before, and is used as an actor.
@startuml
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use the application) : A small label
:Main Admin: ---> (Use the application) : This is\nyet another\nlabel
@enduml
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继承
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Extension
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如果一个角色或者用例继承于另一个，那么可以用 <|--符号表示。
@startuml
:Main Admin: as Admin
(Use the application) as (Use)
User <|-- Admin
(Start) <|-- (Use)
@enduml
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If one actor/use case extends another one, you can use the symbol <|--.
@startuml
:Main Admin: as Admin
(Use the application) as (Use)
User <|-- Admin
(Start) <|-- (Use)
@enduml
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使用注释
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Using notes
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可以用 note left of , note right of ,
note top of , note bottom of等关键字给一个对象添加注释。
注释还可以通过 note关键字来定义，然后用 ..连接其他对象。
@startuml
:Main Admin: as Admin
(Use the application) as (Use)
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
Admin ---> (Use)
note right of Admin : This is an example.
note right of (Use)
A note can also
be on several lines
end note
note "This note is connected\nto several objects." as N2
(Start) .. N2
N2 .. (Use)
@enduml
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You can use the note left of , note right of ,
note top of , note bottom of keywords to
define notes related to a single object.
A note can be also define alone with the note
keywords, then linked to other objects using the .. symbol.
@startuml
:Main Admin: as Admin
(Use the application) as (Use)
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
Admin ---> (Use)
note right of Admin : This is an example.
note right of (Use)
A note can also
be on several lines
end note
note "This note is connected\nto several objects." as N2
(Start) .. N2
N2 .. (Use)
@enduml
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构造类型
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Stereotypes
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用 <<
和 >> 来定义角色或者用例的构造类型。
@startuml
User << Human >>
:Main Database: as MySql << Application >>
(Start) << One Shot >>
(Use the application) as (Use) << Main >>
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
MySql --> (Use)
@enduml
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You can add stereotypes while defining actors and use cases using << and >>.
@startuml
User << Human >>
:Main Database: as MySql << Application >>
(Start) << One Shot >>
(Use the application) as (Use) << Main >>
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
MySql --> (Use)
@enduml
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改变箭头方向
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Changing arrows direction
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默认连接是竖直方向的，用 --表示，可以用一个横杠或点来表示水平连接。
@startuml
:user: --> (Use case 1)
:user: -> (Use case 2)
@enduml
也可以通过翻转箭头来改变方向。
@startuml
(Use case 1) <.. :user:
(Use case 2) <- :user:
@enduml
还可以通过给箭头添加 left, right, up或 down等关键字来改变方向。
@startuml
:user: -left-> (dummyLeft)
:user: -right-> (dummyRight)
:user: -up-> (dummyUp)
:user: -down-> (dummyDown)
@enduml
这些方向关键字也可以只是用首字母或者前两个字母的缩写来代替。
但是请注意，这样的缩写不要乱用，Graphviz不喜欢这样。
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By default, links between classes have two dashes -- and are vertically oriented.
It is possible to use horizontal link by putting a single dash (or dot) like this:
@startuml
:user: --> (Use case 1)
:user: -> (Use case 2)
@enduml
You can also change directions by reversing the link:
@startuml
(Use case 1) <.. :user:
(Use case 2) <- :user:
@enduml
It is also possible to change arrow direction by adding left, right, up
or down keywords inside the arrow:
@startuml
:user: -left-> (dummyLeft)
:user: -right-> (dummyRight)
:user: -up-> (dummyUp)
:user: -down-> (dummyDown)
@enduml
You can shorten the arrow by using only the first character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of
-down-)
or the two first characters ( -do-).
Please note that you should not abuse this functionality : Graphviz gives usually good results without
tweaking.
And with the left to right direction parameter:
@startuml
left to right direction
:user: -left-> (dummyLeft)
:user: -right-> (dummyRight)
:user: -up-> (dummyUp)
:user: -down-> (dummyDown)
@enduml
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分割图示
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Splitting diagrams
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用 newpage关键字将图示分解为多个页面。
@startuml
:actor1: --> (Usecase1)
newpage
:actor2: --> (Usecase2)
@enduml
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The newpage keywords to split your diagram into several pages or images.
@startuml
:actor1: --> (Usecase1)
newpage
:actor2: --> (Usecase2)
@enduml
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从左向右方向
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Left to right direction
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默认从上往下构建图示。
@startuml
'default
top to bottom direction
user1 --> (Usecase 1)
user2 --> (Usecase 2)
@enduml
你可以用left to right direction命令改变图示方向。
@startuml
left to right direction
user1 --> (Usecase 1)
user2 --> (Usecase 2)
@enduml
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The general default behavior when building diagram is top to bottom.
@startuml
'default
top to bottom direction
user1 --> (Usecase 1)
user2 --> (Usecase 2)
@enduml
You may change to left to right using the left to right direction command.
The result is often better with this direction.
@startuml
left to right direction
user1 --> (Usecase 1)
user2 --> (Usecase 2)
@enduml
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显示参数
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Skinparam
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用 skinparam改变字体和颜色。
可以在如下场景中使用：
你也可以给构造的角色和用例指定特殊颜色和字体。
@startuml
skinparam handwritten true
skinparam usecase {
BackgroundColor DarkSeaGreen
BorderColor DarkSlateGray
BackgroundColor<< Main >> YellowGreen
BorderColor<< Main >> YellowGreen
ArrowColor Olive
ActorBorderColor black
ActorFontName Courier
ActorBackgroundColor<< Human >> Gold
}
User << Human >>
:Main Database: as MySql << Application >>
(Start) << One Shot >>
(Use the application) as (Use) << Main >>
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
MySql --> (Use)
@enduml
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You can use the skinparam
command to change colors and fonts for the drawing.
You can use this command :
You can define specific color and fonts for stereotyped actors and usecases.
@startuml
skinparam handwritten true
skinparam usecase {
BackgroundColor DarkSeaGreen
BorderColor DarkSlateGray
BackgroundColor<< Main >> YellowGreen
BorderColor<< Main >> YellowGreen
ArrowColor Olive
ActorBorderColor black
ActorFontName Courier
ActorBackgroundColor<< Human >> Gold
}
User << Human >>
:Main Database: as MySql << Application >>
(Start) << One Shot >>
(Use the application) as (Use) << Main >>
User -> (Start)
User --> (Use)
MySql --> (Use)
@enduml
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一个完整的例子
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Complete example
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@startuml
left to right direction
skinparam packageStyle rectangle
actor customer
actor clerk
rectangle checkout {
customer -- (checkout)
(checkout) .> (payment) : include
(help) .> (checkout) : extends
(checkout) -- clerk
}
@enduml
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@startuml
left to right direction
skinparam packageStyle rectangle
actor customer
actor clerk
rectangle checkout {
customer -- (checkout)
(checkout) .> (payment) : include
(help) .> (checkout) : extends
(checkout) -- clerk
}
@enduml
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业务用例
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Business Use Case
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你可以添加 / 来制作业务用例。
业务用例
@startuml
(First usecase)/
(Another usecase)/ as (UC2)
usecase/ UC3
usecase/ (Last\nusecase) as UC4
@enduml
商业行为者
@startuml
:First Actor:/
:Another\nactor:/ as Man2
actor/ Woman3
actor/ :Last actor: as Person1
@enduml
[Ref.QA-12179]
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You can add / to make Business Use Case.
Business Usecase
@startuml
(First usecase)/
(Another usecase)/ as (UC2)
usecase/ UC3
usecase/ (Last\nusecase) as UC4
@enduml
Business Actor
@startuml
:First Actor:/
:Another\nactor:/ as Man2
actor/ Woman3
actor/ :Last actor: as Person1
@enduml
[Ref. QA-12179]
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Change arrow color and style (inline style)
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You can change the color or style of individual arrows using the inline following notation:
#color;line.[bold|dashed|dotted];text:color
@startuml
actor foo
foo --> (bar) : normal
foo --> (bar1) #line:red;line.bold;text:red : red bold
foo --> (bar2) #green;line.dashed;text:green : green dashed
foo --> (bar3) #blue;line.dotted;text:blue : blue dotted
@enduml
[Ref. QA-3770 and QA-3816]
[See similar feature on deployment-diagram or class diagram]
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Change element color and style (inline style)
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You can change the color or style of individual element using the following notation:
#[color|back:color];line:color;line.[bold|dashed|dotted];text:color
@startuml
actor a
actor b #pink;line:red;line.bold;text:red
usecase c #palegreen;line:green;line.dashed;text:green
usecase d #aliceblue;line:blue;line.dotted;text:blue
@enduml
[Ref. QA-5340 and adapted from QA-6852]
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